The Middle-Class Stagnation Canard

by Will Wilkinson on January 12, 2010

In a post yesterday, Kevin Drum signed on to a conjecture from Raghuram Rajan that stagnating middle-class incomes are partly to blame for the recession and the financial sector blowout. The insuperable problem with this conjecture is that middle-class incomes have not been stagnating. Over at Progressive Fix, Scott Winship lays down the data and reminds the left of the general importance of a reality-based stance. I think it’s pretty clear that progressives find the middle-class stagnation talking point rhetorically useful (there seems to be a great deal of resistance to giving it up, despite the evidence), so I think one point Scott makes deserves special emphasis:

Trying to persuade the middle class that it is worse off than it is potentially has harmful side effects. For one, as economist Benjamin Friedman and sociologist William Julius Wilson have argued, people are more generous when they feel they are doing well. When they feel economically threatened, they are more inclined to protect what they have than to help others. What’s more, widespread economic malaise can be a self-fulfilling prophecy, preventing people from making the individual choices that ensure, for instance, a strong recovery from recession. In terms of policy, the belief that the middle class is doing poorly can lead to scarce public resources being diverted to those doing relatively well rather than being used to help those truly in need. And politically, it can lead to a tone-deaf and unpersuasive populism that does little to help Democrats win in swing districts and close elections.

Again, the point here is that progressives should care about the facts.

One can find a sophisticated overview of many of the relevant facts in this recent NBER paper by Robert Gordon.

  • johndewey
    bill woolsey: "maintaining aggregate demand requires that the rich lend money to the middle class"

    Why? The middle class of today does not have a lower real income than the middle class of a decade ago or two decades ago. As I see it, they can maintain their purchases with the same level of income. Those who have higher incomes are either spending it or investing it. In either case, the total money is getting spent - either on consumer goods or on capital goods. So I do not understand your suggestion that the middle class needs to borrow in order to maintain aggregate demand.
  • johndewey
    Do comparisons of income statistic snapshots really tell us anything at all about income growth? Kevin Drum's argument that:

    "the benefits of economic growth have gone almost entirely to the rich"

    is so misleading. The people who earned high incomes in the 1970's and 1980's are not the same people who earned high incomes in the 1990's and 2000's. Studies of income mobility consistently show movement from quintile to quintile, both up and down. Today's top executives were yesterdays entry level accountant or engineer. The millionaire next door - the small business owner - may have been a blue collar worker until he broke out on his own.

    Ignoring that obvious factor of income mobility, why should we even expect incomes of employees to keep pace with incomes of business owners? Entrepreneurs are taking the huge risks, making the big investments. They're the ones developing the new business ideas and working the 100 hour weeks. The rewards should go to them. If we want economic growth, we need to reward risk-taking and innovation.
  • sbma44
    This is a nice story, but the evidence seems to indicate the opposite: social mobility is on the decline in America; Horatio Alger stories would now be more plausibly set in some European nations. See

    http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2006/04/...

    The Economist agrees:

    http://www.brendan-nyhan.com/blog/2005/01/the_e...

    Both those links via Yglesias.
  • I am more concerned about the theory. Income growth is concentrated among those with high incomes, the distribution of income becomes more unequal, so maintaining aggregate demand requires that the rich lend money to the middle class. When that no longer is possible because of middle class debt, nominal expenditure falls. Firms sell less, produce less, and employ less.

    I suppose it is possible, but explaining everything in the context of the U.S. doesn't fit will with the international aspects of the crisis, and in particular, trade deficits and a net capital inflow to the U.S.
  • sbma44
    I don't think Winship is actually addressing Drum's point as directly as you're implying. *He* is the one "shifting the goalposts" (as he accuses others of doing) by choosing the seventies as his comparison point. Maybe I just read the wrong blogs, but I'm used to seeing progressives discuss the last decade (sometimes the last two) when talking about wage growth.

    Winship also tried to pull a neat trick by swapping "compensation" and "quality of life". I've seen you make a compelling case concerning consumption equality, which I think could be roughly compared to quality of life. That was a much stronger argument than the one Winship makes. Total compensation is a bad measure to use -- a lot of the growth in compensation came in the form of rising employer-based health insurance premiums. We don't really have a great sense of the marginal benefit of those higher costs, but I think most experts agree that a lot of that money is being spent inefficiently, in a utilitarian sense (pricey end-of-life care; new treatments that haven't proven their efficacy; that sort of thing).

    So while this does undercut the narrative in which evil employers hoard the fruits of their workers' labor, I don't think Winship actually makes much of a case for workers' lots improving. He just debunks a maximal claim that no one's making, then points to some stats that don't really speak to the economic well-being of the middle class.
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